|
 |
| ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
|
| Year : 2018 | Volume
: 17
| Issue : 2 | Page : 70-74 |
|
|
Topical ear drop self-medication practice among the Ear, Nose, and Throat patients in Ido Ekiti, Nigeria: A cross - sectional study
Toye Gabriel Olajide, Kayode Shuaib Aremu, Olaide T Esan, Adepeju Oluwatona Dosunmu, Mustapha Muhammad Raji
Department of Ear, Nose and Throat Surgery, Federal Teaching Hospital Ido-Ekiti, Ekiti State, / Afe Babalola University Ado Ekiti (ABUAD), Nigeria
| Date of Web Publication | 13-Mar-2018 |
Correspondence Address:
Dr. Toye Gabriel Olajide
Department of Ear, Nose and Throat Surgery, Federal Teaching Hospital, Ido-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Afe Babalola University Ado Ekiti (ABUAD)
Nigeria
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/aam.aam_28_17
 Abstract | | |
Background: Self-medication is a common habit in our country; Nigeria, especially among patients with otorhinolaryngological disorders. Medication when taken wrongly may bring dire consequences to the individual, such as masking developing diseases and may cause many other undesirable effects. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and to analyze topical ear drop self-medication practices among respondents attending the Ear, Nose, and Throat Clinic of Federal Teaching Hospital Ido Ekiti, Nigeria. Design and Methodology: A 6-month hospital based cross-sectional study was conducted among patients who were seen in the Ear, Nose, and Throat facility of Federal Teaching Hospital, Ido Ekiti from July to December 2016 to determine topical ear drop self-medication practices. A pretested semi-structured questionnaire was used to obtained information from respondents. Results: A total of 162 respondents out of 493 patients seen during the study had otological problems. Of which 107 (66%) respondents had engaged in self-medication with topical ear drops. Their ages ranged between 2 and 83 years with a mean age of 36.6 ± 19.1 years. There were 75 males and 87 females. The major reason for self-medication was that their ailments were minor in about 40.2% and the most common indication for self-medication was ear blockage with hearing impairment (33.6%). Pharmacy/chemist shops (42%) were major sources of information for those that self-medicated. Chloramphenicol and gentamycin were the major drugs that were used by the respondents. Conclusion: Majority of the respondents in this study practiced self-medication using different topical ear drops. Major source of information on the topical ear drops used was from pharmacy/chemist shops. There is a need for adequate public health education to create awareness among people on the danger of self-medication and to enact or enforce the law to reduce access to over the counter drugs. Healthcare should be made available and avoidable at primary health-care level.
| Abstract in French | | |
Contexte: L'automédication est une habitude courante dans notre pays; Nigéria, en particulier chez les patients présentant des troubles oto-rhino-laryngologiques. Les médicaments pris à tort peuvent avoir des conséquences désastreuses pour l'individu, comme masquer des maladies en développement et causer de nombreuses autres effets indésirables. Le but de cette étude était de déterminer la prévalence et d'analyser les pratiques d'automédication les participants à la clinique de l'oreille, du nez et de la gorge de l'hôpital fédéral d'enseignement Ido Ekiti, au Nigeria. Conception et Méthodologie: 6 mois étude transversale en milieu hospitalier a été menée auprès de patients qui ont été vus dans l'établissement Oreille, Nez et Gorge de l'Enseignement Fédéral Hôpital, Ido Ekiti de juillet à décembre 2016 pour déterminer les pratiques d'automédication topique des gouttes auriculaires. Un questionnaire semi-structuré prétesté a été utilisé pour obtenir des informations auprès des répondants. Résultats: Un total de 162 répondants sur 493 patients vus au cours de l'étude avaient problèmes otologiques. Dont 107 (66%) répondants se sont engagés dans l'automédication avec des gouttes auriculaires topiques. Leur âge variait entre 2 et 83 ans avec un âge moyen de 36,6 ± 19,1 ans. Il y avait 75 hommes et 87 femmes. La principale raison de l'automédication était que leur les troubles étaient mineurs dans environ 40,2% des cas et l'indication la plus fréquente d'automédication était un blocage de l'oreille avec déficience auditive (33,6%). Les pharmacies / pharmacies (42%) étaient les principales sources d'information pour ceux qui se soignaient eux-mêmes. Le chloramphénicol et la gentamycine médicaments importants qui ont été utilisés par les répondants. Conclusion: La majorité des répondants à cette étude pratiquaient l'automédication en utilisant différents gouttes auriculaires topiques. La principale source d'information sur les gouttes auriculaires topiques utilisées provenait des pharmacies / pharmacies. Il y a un besoin de l'éducation en matière de santé publique pour sensibiliser les gens au danger de l'automédication et pour promulguer ou appliquer la loi afin de réduire l'accès à des médicaments en vente libre. Les soins de santé devraient être disponibles et évitables au niveau des soins de santé primaires.
Mots-clés: Automédication, Nigeria, pratique, gouttes auriculaires topiques
Keywords: Nigeria, practice, self-medication, topical ear drops
How to cite this article:
Olajide TG, Aremu KS, Esan OT, Dosunmu AO, Raji MM. Topical ear drop self-medication practice among the Ear, Nose, and Throat patients in Ido Ekiti, Nigeria: A cross - sectional study. Ann Afr Med 2018;17:70-4 |
How to cite this URL:
Olajide TG, Aremu KS, Esan OT, Dosunmu AO, Raji MM. Topical ear drop self-medication practice among the Ear, Nose, and Throat patients in Ido Ekiti, Nigeria: A cross - sectional study. Ann Afr Med [serial online] 2018 [cited 2023 Mar 28];17:70-4. Available from: https://www.annalsafrmed.org/text.asp?2018/17/2/70/227175 |
| Introduction | |  |
Self-medication is still an important public health problem worldwide.[1] In economically deprived communities, most episodes of illness are treated by self-medication. According to the World Health Organization, self-medication is defined as “the selection and use of medicines by individuals to treat self-recognized illness or symptoms.”[2] Self-medication is also explained as one involving the act of acquiring medication without a prescription, resubmitting an old prescription to procure medication, sharing medications with others or utilizing a medication that is already available in the residence.[3] Although self-medication practice is common in both developing and developed countries, higher degree of prevalence was found in the developing world.[4],[5] The higher degree of prevalence in the developing countries could be attributed to many causes such as the ability to obtain wide range of drugs over-the-counter (OTC), poor regulatory practices, limited access to health-care facilities,[6],[7] and the availability of illegal sellers of medications.[8] Despite efforts to limit prevalence of self-medication, its increase was evident in different countries [9] which may pose serious threats to the health of individuals and larger societies. Several studies revealed that inappropriate self-medication results in wastage of resources, increases resistance of pathogens and generally entails serious health hazards such as adverse drug reactions, prolonged suffering, and dependence. It also cause incorrect manner of administration, incorrect choice of therapy, and masking of severe disease.[10],[11] Topical antibiotic solutions are frequently indicated in patients who have external or middle ear infections. Apart from topical antibiotic preparations that are used for otological problems, wax dissolving topical agent like cerumol ear drop are also available which can be self-medicated. The actual potential for ototoxicity of these ototopical antibiotic preparations has been a subject of considerable debate. Topical antibiotics are recommended as first-line agents in uncomplicated cases of ear infections.[12],[13] It is to be noted that topical ear drop antibiotics provide a high concentration of antibiotic directly into the middle ear; hence, they should reduce the likelihood of the development of bacterial resistance. Furthermore, the risk for various systemic adverse effects, such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and allergic reactions, also remains negligible with topical therapy.[14] Although self-medication may be difficult to eliminate, intervention can be made to discourage the rampant practice. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and to analyze topical ear drop self-medication practices among respondents attending the Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT) Clinic of Federal Teaching Hospital Ido Ekiti, Nigeria.
| Methodology | | |
This study was hospital-based cross-sectional survey conducted among patients who were seen at the ENT Department of Federal Teaching Hospital Ido Ekiti from July to December 2016 to determine topical ear drop self-medication practice. The hospital is a tertiary health institution that serves as a referral center in Ekiti State and its environs in southwestern Nigeria. It also renders primary and secondary services. All the patients who had otological problem and gave their consent to participate in the study were interviewed using a previously prepared and pretested semi-structured questionnaire. Parents of patients below the ages of 16 years were requested to assist in completing the questionnaire. Patients who did not consent to the study and old patients of the ENT clinic on follow-up visits were excluded and also excluded from the study are those who have used other topical agents such as a nasal drop or spray and throat spray were excluded from the study. The information that was collected includes sociodemographic characteristics (age, gender, religion, occupation, and educational level), self-medication practice, reasons for self-medication, conditions/diseases for which the topical ear drops were used, the source of information and names of the topical ear drops that were used. Approval to carry out the study was given by the ethical and research committee of the hospital. Data obtained were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics Software Version 20.0 (2011) and presented in simple tables and charts.
| Results | | |
Out of 493 patients seen in the ENT Clinic during the study, a total of 162 had otological/ear problems. Their ages ranged between 2 and 83 years with a mean of 36.6 ± 19.1 years. There were 75 males (46.3%) and 87 (53.7%) females. One hundred and forty-nine (92%) were Christian, whereas 13 (8%) practices Islam. Other sociodemographic characteristics are shown in [Table 1]. Of the 162 respondents, 107 (66.0%) respondents had used topical ear drop medications without prescription by specialists while 55 (34%) did not self-medicate. Self-medicated individuals were asked about the reason behind practicing self-medication. The most common reason given was that the ailment was minor in 43 (40.2%) of the respondents. Hence, they perceived that they know what to do. [Figure 1] shows other reasons to includes financial constraint 15 (14%), nonavailability of the services or expert nearby 23 (21.5%), self-decision/ignorance 15 (14%), and to save time from the long queue in the hospital 11 (10.3%). As shown in [Figure 2], the most common indication for self-medication was ear blockage with hearing impairment in 36 (22.2%) of the respondents, ear ache was responsible in 25 (23.4%), followed by ear discharge 20 (18.7%), noise in the ear 11 (10.3%), itching in the ear 10 (9.3%), whereas 5 (4.7%) was due to ear wax. Investigation about the source of information showed that 45 (42.0%) of respondents got access to topical ear drops through pharmacist/chemist shops. [Figure 3] shows other sources to include previous prescription 26 (24.3%), health workers 14 (13.1%), family and friends 17 (15.9%), media and advertisements 5 (4.7%). [Figure 4] shows the topical ear drops used by the respondents. The most common was chloramphenicol in 40 (37.3%) of our respondents. Others are gentamycin 29 (27.1%), otomed 11 (10.3%), cerumol (7.5%), whereas 19 (17.8%) could not remember the names of the ear drops that was used.
| Discussion | | |
Self-medication practices among otorhinolaryngological patients with otological/ear problems are common. Moreover, it has important roles in the care of minor ailments and symptoms [15] but not without its inherent side effects. The study showed that females engaged in topical ear drops self-medication than their male counterparts. This findings was in agreement with many studies conducted by previous authors.[1],[16],[17],[18],[19],[20] However, male preponderance was recorded in the studies carried out by other researchers.[21],[22],[23] It is generally believed that women are more health conscious and seek health services more frequently and better health practices than men.[24] The highest proportion of those who practice self-medication was in the age group 21–40 years in this study. Large proportions of our respondents were Christian and Yoruba, this is in keeping with the environment where the study was carried out in the south-west Nigeria. Despite the fact that large proportions of our respondents were literate, it is surprising that most of them still engaged in self-medication with topical ear drops without prescription by specialists. This was also in agreement with previous studies.[18],[25],[26]
In this study, the prevalence of topical ear drop self-medication was 66.0%. This is higher than the 31% reported by Afolabi et al.[27] in their study at Lokoja, in Kogi State. Other studies that also recorded low prevalence are 42% in Ondo and [28] 27.5% in Ethiopia.[29] However, the prevalence of 79% and 85% for ophthalmic [26] and general outpatients,[30] respectively, reported in Owo was higher than our own study. Similarly, higher prevalence of 81.8%[31] and 73.9%[25] was recorded in Sudan. The higher prevalence of self-medication in this study may be attributed to shortage in the number of health facility and ENT specialist in the state. This is worrisome looking at the possible hazards associated with this ugly practice. Few side effects were recorded in our study which included bitterness in the throat, increased itchiness in the ear and irritation following application of topical ear drop. The bitterness was recorded among those that self-medicated on chloramphenicol ear drops. The itchiness may be due to superimposed fungi infection.
In this study, the major indication for self-medication was ear blockage with associated hearing impairment (33.6%), this was followed by earache in 23.4% of our respondents. Other indications are ear discharge, noise in the ear, itching in the ear and ear wax. Afolabi et al. in their study reported earache as being the most common indication for using topical ear drops.[27] He noticed that respondents usually responded quickly to pain trying to find ways to relieve it. However, ear blockage which may be associated with hearing impairment was also one of the sensitive clinical conditions that our respondents trying to seek a solution for without delay, since hearing impairment as we know is a hidden disability with its social implications. With these different clinical conditions found in our respondents, it could have been better for them to seek a specialist opinion for proper evaluation and appropriate treatment.
Majority of our patients attributed the reason for self-medication to the fact that they perceived their ailments as being minor; hence, they can manage it through self-care. This is similar to previous studies.[16],[22],[23],[26] However, this assumption is rather dangerous as it is widely believed that human malpractices such as inadequate dosing, incomplete courses and indiscriminate drug use have contributed to the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance.[32] Some of these conditions/problems like ear wax (cerumen Auris) will require only application of ceruminolytic agents such as cerumol ear drop and syringing where necessary rather than using topical ear drop antibiotics. Furthermore in a situation where topical ear drop antibiotics are necessary there is a tendency to have used different topical ear drops for different clinical conditions due to wrong or misdiagnose which eventually constitute abuse or misuse of such drugs. Other reasons for self-medication given by our respondents in this study are nonavailability of expert/health service, ignorance/self-decision, long waiting time in the hospital, and financial constraint. Bamgboye et al. reported inaccessibility to a health facility as a leading promoter of self-medication in their study.[33] It was noticed in a study that the concentration of few available specialists in the urban centers where most of the tertiary health-care facilities are sited has contributed to the lack of access to ENT specialists.[27] Where experts are scarce self-medication tend to thrive. Self-medication is easier than to access health-care services which are located far from where the patient resides.
Majority of our respondents got their information about drugs they had used through pharmacy/chemist shops. This was consistent with previous studies.[23],[34] It is a major source of concern as people have free access to OTC drugs, which are presumably believed to be readily available and cheaper. There is a need to institute legislation or to enforce the existing ones so that there will be a reduction in assessing the OTC drugs. Some respondents got their information through the previous prescription because they could remember medications previously prescribed for them and used for similar previous conditions since those medications were successful in improving such conditions or symptoms. The study like others showed the important roles of other family members and close friends to be a good source of advice about self-medicated drugs because some of them experienced similar conditions previously.
Chloramphenicol and gentamycin ear drops were the most common ototopical agent that was used among the respondents in this study. This is similar to study done by Afolabi et al.[27] Other agents that were used are cerumol and otomed ear drops. However, about 18% of them cannot remember the names of topical ear drop antibiotics that were self-medicated. This gives serious concern as there is the likelihood of misuse and even inappropriate application of those agents to various otological problems/conditions as previously noted. This can lead to abuse, drugs resistance and the majority may not even benefit from those agents since there is no appropriate assessment and diagnosis. Prolonged use of topical ear drop antibiotics and corticosteroids will often result in fungal (otomycosis) super infection [35] and the most common complaint in otomycosis is aural fullness and pruritis deep inside the canal [36] which may mimic other allergy. The limitation to this study includes that it may not be representative of general population since it is a hospital-based study and also since it is self-reporting, there is always a problem of recall accuracy and unverifiable information.
| Conclusion | | |
Majority of the respondents in this study practiced self-medication using different topical ear drops. The main reasons identified for self-medication was that their ailments were considered as being minor and a major source of information on the drugs used was from pharmacy/chemist shops. There is a need for adequate public health education to create awareness among people on the danger of self-medication and to enact or enforce the law to reduce access to OTC drugs. Healthcare should be made available and avoidable at primary health-care level.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
| References | | |
| 1. | Garofalo L, Di Giuseppe G, Angelillo IF. Self-medication practices among parents in Italy. Biomed Res Int 2015;2015:580650.  [ PUBMED] |
| 2. | World Health Organization. Role of the Pharmacist in the Health Care System. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011. |
| 3. | Shankar PR, Partha P, Shenoy N. Self-medication and non-doctor prescription practices in Pokhara valley, Western Nepal: A questionnaire-based study. BMC Fam Pract 2002;3:17. |
| 4. | Fuentes Albarrán K, Villa Zapata L. Analysis and quantification of self-medication patterns of customers in community pharmacies in Southern Chile. Pharm World Sci 2008;30:863-8. |
| 5. | Uehleke B, Steinhoff B. Self-medication in Germany. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2001;39:484-7. |
| 6. | Ebert SC. Factors contributing to excessive antimicrobial prescribing. Pharmacotherapy 2007;27:126S-30S. |
| 7. | Vila J, Pal T. Update on antibacterial resistance in low-income countries: Factors favoring the emergence of resistance. Open Infect Dis J 2010;4:38-54. |
| 8. | Durgawale PM. Practice of self medication among slum-dwellers. Indian J Public Health 1998;42:53-5. [ PUBMED] [Full text] |
| 9. | Nunes de Melo M, Madureira B, Nunes Ferreira AP, Mendes Z, Miranda Ada C, Martins AP, et al. Prevalence of self-medication in rural areas of Portugal. Pharm World Sci 2006;28:19-25. |
| 10. | Gutema GB, Gadisa DA, Kidanemariam ZA, Berhe DF, Hadera MG, Hailu GS, et al. Self medication practices among health sciences students: The case of Mek'elle University. J Appl Pharm Sci 2011;1:183-9. |
| 11. | Vikas G, Gupta V, Bansal P, Manhas R, Singh Z, Ghaiye P, et al. Preferred system of medicine and reasons of self medication among college students in Malwa region of Punjab. J Drug Deliv Ther 2011;1:27-9. |
| 12. | Roland PS, Stewart MG, Hannley M, Friedman R, Manolidis S, Matz G, et al. Consensus panel on role of potentially ototoxic antibiotics for topical middle ear use: Introduction, methodology, and recommendations. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2004;130:S51-6. |
| 13. | Hannley MT, Denneny JC 3 rd, Holzer SS. Use of ototopical antibiotics in treating 3 common ear diseases. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2000;122:934-40. |
| 14. | Haynes DS, Rutka J, Hawke M, Roland PS. Ototoxicity of ototopical drops – An update. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2007;40:669-83, xi. |
| 15. | Hayran O, Karavus M, Aksayan S. Help-seeking behavior and self-medication of a population in an urban area in Turkey: Cross sectional study. Croat Med J 2000;41:327-32. |
| 16. | Servidoni AB, Coelho L, Navarro ML, Gobbi de Ávila F, Mezzalira R. Self-medication profile of ENT patients. Rev Bras Otorrinolaringol 2006;72:83-8. [doi.org/10.1590/S0034-72992006000100013]. |
| 17. | Adedapo HA, Lawal AO, Adisa AO, Adeyemi BF. Non-doctor consultations and self-medication practices in patients seen at a tertiary dental center in Ibadan. Indian J Dent Res 2011;22:795-8. [Full text] |
| 18. | Ahmeed NM, Sulaiman KH. Self medication practice among patients attending a sample of primary health care centers in Erbil city. J Educ Pract 2016;7:73-9. Available from: http://www.www.ijste.org. [Last accessed on 2017 May 07]. |
| 19. | Simon AK, Rao A, Rajesh G, Shenoy R, Pai MB. Trends in self-medication for dental conditions among patients attending oral health outreach programs in coastal Karnataka, India. Indian J Pharmacol 2015;47:524-9. [ PUBMED] [Full text] |
| 20. | Lawan UM, Abubakar IS, Jibo AM, Rufai A. Pattern, awareness and perceptions of health hazards associated with self medication among adult residents of Kano metropolis, Northwestern Nigeria. Indian J Community Med 2013;38:144-51. [ PUBMED] [Full text] |
| 21. | Jasim AL, Fadhil TA, Taher SS. Self medication practice among Iraqi patients in Baghdad City. Am J Pharmacol Sci 2014;2:18-23. |
| 22. | Giriraju A. Perception about self-medication practices for oral health problems among the general population of Davangere city, Karnataka, India. J Indian Assoc Public Health Dent 2014;12:219-25. [Full text] |
| 23. | KomalRaj MR, Padma KB, Aruna CN. Self-medication practices for oral health problems among dental patients in Banglore: A cross sectional study. IOSR Journal Of Pharmacy 2015;5:68-75. Available from: www.iosrphr.org. [Last accessed on 2017 Jun 26]. |
| 24. | Figueiras A, Caamaño F, Gestal-Otero JJ. Sociodemographic factors related to self-medication in Spain. Eur J Epidemiol 2000;16:19-26. |
| 25. | Awad A, Eltayeb I, Matowe L, Thalib L. Self-medication with antibiotics and antimalarials in the community of Khartoum State, Sudan. J Pharm Pharm Sci 2005;8:326-31. |
| 26. | Omolase CO, Adeleke OE, Afolabi AO, Afolabi OT. Self medication amongst general outpatients in a Nigerian community hospital. Ann Ib Postgrad Med 2007;5:64-7. |
| 27. | Afolabi OA, Ehalaiye BF, Fadare JO, Abdur-Rahman AB, Ehalaiye DN. Survey of ototopical self medication among patients attending ENT and family medicine departments in a Nigerian hospital. Eur J Gen Pract 2011;17:167-70. |
| 28. | Afolabi AO, Akinmoladun VI, Adebose IJ, Elekwachi G. Self-medication profile of dental patients in Ondo State, Nigeria. Niger J Med 2010;19:96-103. |
| 29. | Abula T, Worku A. Self-medication in three towns of North West Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Dev 2001;15:25-30. |
| 30. | Onajole AT, Bamgbala AO. Socio-demographic characteristics of drug misuse in a polytechnic in Lagos, Nigeria. Niger J Health Biomed Sci 2004;3:40-3. |
| 31. | Awad AI, Eltayeb IB, Capps PA. Self-medication practices in Khartoum State, Sudan. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2006;62:317-24. |
| 32. | World Health Organization. Global Strategy for Containment of Antimicrobial Resistance: World Health Organization, Communicable Diseases Surveillance and Response (CSR). WHO/COS/CSR/DRS/2001; 2001. |
| 33. | Bamgboye EA, Amoran OE, Yusuf OB. Self medication practices among workers in a tertiary hospital in Nigeria. Afr J Med Med Sci 2006;35:411-5. |
| 34. | Afolabi AO. Factors influencing the pattern of self-medication in an adult Nigerian population. Ann Afr Med 2008;7:120-7. [ PUBMED] [Full text] |
| 35. | Morgan J, Warnock DW. Fungi: In: Gleeson M. Scott-Brown's Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery. 7 th ed., Vol. 1, Ch. 18. London: Hodder Arnold and Hachette UK Company, Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd.; 2008. p. 213-25. |
| 36. | Paulose KO, Al Khalifa S, Shenoy P, Sharma RK. Mycotic infection of the ear (otomycosis): A prospective study. J Laryngol Otol 1989;103:30-5. |
[Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3], [Figure 4]
[Table 1]
| This article has been cited by | | 1 |
Barriers to access to ear and hearing care services in low- and middle- income countries: A scoping review |
|
| Christopher J. Waterworth, Manjula Marella, James O’Donovan, Tess Bright, Richard Dowell, Mahmood F. Bhutta | | Global Public Health. 2022; : 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 2 |
Self-medication practices with conventional and herbal drugs among ear, nose, and throat patients |
|
| Olcay Kiroglu, Fatih Berktas, Zakir Khan, Muhammed Dagkiran, Yusuf Karatas | | Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira. 2022; 68(10): 1416 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 3 |
A scoping review of global aminoglycoside antibiotic overuse: A potential opportunity for primary ototoxicity prevention |
|
| Lauren K. Dillard, Cecilia Z. Wu, James E. Saunders, Catherine M. McMahon | | Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | |
|
 |
|
|
|
